Proceeding of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Navigation, Engineering, and Aviation Technology (ICANEAT)

The Impact of Noise on the Effectiveness of Flight Traffic Services

2023-10-31T04:57:26+00:00

This study aims to determine how noise affects the effectiveness of flight traffic services at Perum LPPNPI Cirebon Sub-Branch Office. The method used in this study is a qualitative one by taking three samples a day using the Sound Meter application on Android at the Menara Perum LPPNPI Cirebon Sub-Branch Office. The results of this study showed that the noise level in the control tower room had exceeded the threshold indicated both in general review based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 48 of 1996 and specifically reviewed based on the book Human Factor in Air Traffic Control by V. David Hopkin in 1982. One of the reasons is the position of the tower building, which is close to the highway and adjacent to the motorcycle workshop. Based on these findings, it is recommended to install silencers, use headsets when communicating, and educate the motorcycle racing community about noise reduction

The Overview Of Approach Control Unit Cabin Facilities Related To Noise

2024-01-03T08:33:38+00:00

As an ATC, we should be able to give our full focus when providing air traffic services. If we cannot focus when working due to noise in the cabin, then the safety of the aircraft can also be threatened. Therefore, an ATC should get a work environment that can support his performance so that he can work optimally. This article delves into the challenges encountered by Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) during their duties at the Tarakan Approach Control Unit, a crucial component of Juwata International Airport in Tarakan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study revolves around the adverse effects of excessive noise levels within the ATC cabin on controller performance and aviation safety. Through qualitative descriptive methodology, this study explores the factors contributing to the noise problem within the Tarakan APP cabin. It identifies two major sources of noise: gaps in windows and doors, permitting external sounds to infiltrate the cabin, and the lack of sound insulation in the flooring. The results section introduces alternative solutions proposed by the author to mitigate the noise issue and enhance the ATC work environment. These solutions encompass the use of headsets, transitioning to a Voice Communication Control System (VCCS), installing sound-absorbing materials on the cabin floor, and incorporating UPVC to seal gaps in windows and doors. In conclusion, this study highlights the critical need for an enabling work environment that supports ATCs in ensuring aviation safety. The author encourages relevant authorities to consider and implement the proposed solutions to establish a more efficient, effective, safe, and comfortable air traffic control environment at Tarakan APP, ultimately benefiting air navigation services.

The Construction Layout Of Parallel Taxiway At Approach Control Procedure International Airport

2023-11-16T08:27:36+00:00

In air traffic control, aircraft need runways for landing and take-off and taxiways to connect airport terminals and runways. Taxiways are designated lanes at land airports created for landing aircraft and are intended to provide a link between one part of the airport and another. This research aims to provide additional parallel taxiways because parallel taxiways are only available on one side of the runway, not on both sides. Meanwhile, Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport is also quite busy considering that there are often international events, thus increasing the controller's workload because he has to set the separation for a fairly far approach. The research method used is qualitative. The result of the research is that it is concluded that parallel taxiways are needed and the author suggests that the Lombok branch of Perum LPPNPI forward to Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport to add them to improve flight safety, security and efficiency.

Effort to Optimize Coordination Unit in the Aerodrome Control Unit Tower Of Airnav Indonesia

2024-01-03T07:45:44+00:00

In managing air traffic at the Gorontalo Branch Control tower unit of Airnav Indonesia, communication is an important aspect that involves human resources and facilities. Adequate facilities are essential to carry out air traffic management activities effectively. This study aims to assist Air Traffic Control (ATC) officers in reducing communication errors and overcoming obstacles caused by the use of inefficient equipment. Data collection methods include field observations, interviews, and document analysis. Disturbances in communication during control at the Control Unit Near the Gorontalo Branch became a serious problem due to the inefficiency of the equipment used. This resulted in frequent receiving of wrong calls by ATC officers, which ultimately reduced efficiency in providing services. The solution proposed in this study is to introduce alternative communication equipment, namely the Voice Communication Control System (VCCS), which can be connected to the various units required. It is hoped that the results of this research will facilitate the communication process for ATC officers and reduce call errors when providing navigation services at the Airnav Indonesia Processural Approach Control Unit in Gorontalo.

A Examining the Surge in Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport's Traffic Resulting from Tourism Influences and Global Events

2023-10-31T07:07:13+00:00

Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport on the island of Lombok is the venue for the international MOTO GP and WORLD SUPERBIKE events.Line existence of this research aims to provide information related to aircraft traffic during international events and compare it with traffic before international events, which resulted in increased traffic and workload for Air Traffic Controllers at Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport. In this case, the author takes the data obtained from the officer who stores the flight data and then compares the traffic when the incident occurred and during normal circumstances using a comparative type of quantitative method and the author investigates the impact that occurred because of this.

Optimizing the Safety and Efficiency of Ngurah Rai Airport Runway, Bali through the Implementation of Stopbar Light

2024-01-03T08:39:30+00:00

Ngurah Rai Airport is one of the airports with the busiest traffic in Indonesia. Maintaining runway safety and operational efficiency is crucial to the continuous growth of air traffic. Ensuring the safety and efficiency of airport runway operations is paramount in the aviation industry. This study investigates the implementation of Stopbar Lights as a measure to optimize the safety and efficiency of runway activities at Ngurah Rai Airport in Bali. Stopbar Lights serve as a visual aid to pilots, indicating the precise location where they should stop on the runway, contributing to the prevention of runway incursions, and enhancing overall safety protocols. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques in the form of observation, unstructured interviews, literature study, and documentation. Results indicate a notable enhancement in runway safety and efficiency following the introduction of Stopbar Lights. The technology not only reduces the risk of runway incursions but also streamlines ground movements, leading to improved operational timelines. Insights from this study provide valuable considerations for airport authorities and aviation professionals seeking to enhance runway management systems.

A Temporary Standard Operating Procedure Design about Medical Evacuation Helicopter from Pertamina Mandalika International Circuit to General Hospital of West Nusa Tenggara Province

2023-11-21T00:58:00+00:00

This research was conducted based on the discovery of a hazard that arose due to the flight path of the medical evacuation helicopter from the Pertamina Mandalika International Circuit to the General Hospital of West Nusa Tenggara Province. This research was conducted at Lombok Branch Office of Indonesian Air Navigation Service Provider, AirNav Indonesia, from September to December 2022. It was carried out using qualitative research methodology which is observation. The data and facts was processed using descriptive analysis. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, author concluded that a temporary standard operating procedure regarding medical evacuation helicopter is required and the author has come up with one.

The Importance Of Integrated LOCA Between Adjacent Units in Aerodrome

2023-11-27T00:30:56+00:00

This journal discusses the importance of Letter Of Operasional Coordination Agreement (LOCA) and the connection of LOCA between units in the implementation of aviation at Aerodrome. Aviation is a unified system consisting of the use of airspace, aircraft, Aerodromes, air transportation, flight navigation, safety and security, the environment, and other public facilities. To optimize and improve the quality, safety, and security of aviation operations, one way is to create synergy between units at the Aerodrome so that coordination and collaboration between units can be optimized. LOCA is one of the main supports for creating optimal flight operations. This research aims to harmonize the main tasks, functions, and authorities between units so that there are no similarities so that there is no overlap in authority which could have the potential to be bad in the implementation of flight operations at Aerodrome.

Increasing Flight Safety Through Implementation LOCA ATS Provider and Waterbased Operator

2023-11-17T01:32:29+00:00

This study aims to examine the problems and impacts arising from the absence of renewal of the Letter of Operational Coordination Agreement (LOCA) document between Perum LPPNPI Lombok Branch Office and BENETE WATER BASE, PT NEWMONT NUSA TENGGARA. The research was conducted at Perum LPPNPI Lombok Branch Office from September to December 2022 when the author conducted OJT APP PROCEDURAL. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques in the form of observation, unstructured interviews, literature study, and documentation. In the data analysis technique, the author uses Descriptive Analysis. Based on the analysis of the research data obtained as well as a study of existing provisions and theories, the author concludes that it is necessary to renew the Letter of Operational Coordination Agreement (LOCA) between Perum LPPNPI Lombok Branch Office and BENETE WATER BASE PT AMMAN MINERAL to adjust to the provisions and theories.

A Review of Radio Communication Range to Air Traffic Services

2023-11-06T03:35:20+00:00

OJT activity is an activity of the Higher Education Tridharma (Education, Research and Community Service) which aims to get to know and add insight and scope of work according to the field of assignment, as well as as an encouragement to cadets to be able to work individually or work in a team competently. the data carried out in this research is based on the author's observations and data on the ATS Operational Logbook Unit Approach Control Procedural Airnav Tarakan Branch from September to December 2022, so as to obtain results. In carrying out their duties, ATC really needs situational awareness related to matters regarding ATC internal and external conditions. Based on the author's observations during OJT, traffic conditions at Juwata International Airport are very high. However, the radio communication range used by ATC is less than optimal, causing consequences that can interfere with the comfort of flight traffic services.

Analysis of Helicopter Movement Procedures in Air Traffic Services

2023-11-06T05:27:18+00:00

This study is aimed at providing advice for Perum LPPNPI Branch Banda Aceh to regulate helicopter traffic more efficiently. By using the observation method for approximately three months in Perum LPPNPI Branch Banda Aceh, there were several cases that could support the advice in order to increase the efficiency of helicopter traffic. Based on the cases, the solution for the issue concerned is by providing entry point that can act as reporting point for helicopters in the airspace of Aceh.

The Need for Letter Of Agreement Aerodrome Control Tower Unit And Helicopter Operator To Improve Flight Safety

2023-11-06T06:27:28+00:00

LOCA is a written agreement between two or more adjoining aviation traffic service providing units where aviation traffic services are carried out by the parties concerned stating the conditions, methods and procedures used to regulate cooperation between these units. The problem of this research is the occurrence of coordination problem between Tower unit and radio operator unit of PT NUH in Kariangau which is not optimal and will give impact on flight operation service in Balikpapan. The research method is descriptive qualitative. The result of this research is the creation of LOCA (Letter of Coordination Agreement) whose content and agreement will be further discussed regarding the problems that have occurred when the aircraft conduct training flight and Departure (takeoff/airbone) in Kariangau Area.

Overview of the Implementation of Flight Watch in Flight Traffic Services with Flight Operators

2023-11-06T07:02:28+00:00

On-the-job training activities are one of the activities that must be carried out by cadets. One of those who received this On-the-Job Training (OJT) activity was the Tarakan Branch of LPPNI, which is one of the airports that serves various types of flights, including pioneer, domestic, international, and local flights. The data taken by the author is real data that the author obtained when carrying out OJT activities from September to August 2022. There were several obstacles that the author encountered when carrying out on-the-job training activities. One of them is inadequate communication from several aircraft because they do not carry high-frequency (HF) radio equipment. So that the aircraft that should be able to communicate with Balikpapan Info on the HF radio channel cannot communicate. And there is no sending of departure and arrival messages to the Tarakan APP, which can cause disruption to the separation that is being implemented because planes coming from the pilot area will suddenly appear on the controller's radar. By implementing the Flight Watch procedure, it is hoped that this incident can be minimized, as well as reviewing aircraft that do not carry equipment as stated in the Flight Plan as appropriate.

The Importance of a Letter of Operational Coordination Agreement (Loca) Between Airnav and Police

2023-11-06T09:57:56+00:00

Juwata Tarakan International Airport serves scheduled and unscheduled flights. The North Kalimantan Regional Police Helicopter is also an unscheduled flight that served by Juwata Tarakan International Airport, especially Perum LPPNPI Tarakan Branch. The police helicopter flies from MAPOLDA North Kalimantan located in Tanjung Selor to MAKOPOLAIRUD located in Tarakan and vice versa. The movement of the police helicopter can endanger the movement of aircraft traffic that is descent to circuit altitude to land at Juwata Tarakan International Airport and can interfere with aircraft that will take-off from Runway 24. The purpose of this research is to review the importance of making a Letter of Operational Coordination Agreement (LOCA) between Perum LPPNPI Tarakan Branch and the North Kalimantan Regional Police in order to create aviation safety and security, especially in Tarakan Airspace. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation. The results revealed that the North Kalimantan Regional Police helicopter flight path was very dangerous for VFR flights passing through the VFR corridor of Tarakan Airspace, causing potential hazards. To overcome and prevent the potential occurrence of these hazards, the need to make a Letter of Operational Coordination Agreement between Perum LPPNPI Tarakan Branch and the North Kalimantan Regional Police regarding flight procedures and safe routes to pass will ensure safety, security, efficiency, and regularity of flight traffic on Tarakan Airspace.

Influence of Building Layout and Weather Conditions on Air Traffic Services

2023-11-06T10:29:01+00:00

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport is one of the busiest airports in Indonesia that serves a variety of flights, ranging from scheduled, unscheduled, cargo, and military, to recreational flights. All flights are regulated by the Air Traffic Controller which is divided into two units, namely the Aerodrome Control Tower and Approach Control Surveillance. The Aerodrome Control Tower has the responsibility of regulating flight traffic in the "vicinity of aerodrome" area. From the tower, ATC must be able to monitor all movements of flight operations in the area of responsibility. However, at the I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport tower, several things can affect ATC's view in monitoring the movement of flight operations, namely airport buildings that block several parking stands, dark night conditions in the maneuvering area, and extreme weather. Of course, these problems will also affect the performance of ATC in providing flight traffic services. In addition, it can cause doubts in ATC in making decisions for aircraft that are being handled. This research aims to analyze the problem of ATC's limited view in monitoring the movement of flight operations in its area of responsibility. The research method used is qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of observation, literature study, interviews, and documentation. The development of Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System that can monitor the movement of flight operations in various conditions can be one solution to the problem. In addition, the installation of CCTV in several areas that are not visible from the tower can also assist ATC in monitoring the movement of flight operations in the area. The results of this study are expected to assist ATC in monitoring the movement of flight operations both in dark night conditions and extreme weather. The author also hopes that the results of this study can be useful in improving organized and efficient flight traffic services at I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport.

Review of Inter-Unit Communication Tools for the Provision of Air Traffic Services

2024-01-03T08:43:56+00:00

This paper discusses the challenges faced by the Tarakan Approach unit in providing optimal flight traffic control services. The unit grapples with an excessive number of communication tools, leading to coordination issues, decreased concentration, and communication disruptions. The paper highlights the importance of Voice Control Communication System (VCCS) equipment as a solution to streamline communication and reduce workload. It also emphasizes the significance of regular maintenance and awareness among controllers and assistant controllers. By addressing these challenges, the Tarakan Approach unit aims to increase the efficiency and safety of its flight traffic services, ensuring smoother and more regular traffic flow in its airspace.

Providing Air Traffic Services to Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles in Banda Aceh’s Airspace

2024-01-03T08:58:30+00:00

Nowadays, aircraft are becoming more and more important and talked about due to the rapid development of aircraft in the past few decades. In addition, we must also remember that this aircraft is an important object under air law. Aircraft that were once the result of modifications from hot air balloons have now far developed into aircraft that can be flown remotely, or currently known as drones. Even with the rapid development of drones in the last few decades, it cannot be matched by the progress of air law arrangements both internationally and nationally. With such conditions, both international air law and national air law have not been able to fully guarantee flight safety (safety first), which is the spirit of aviation as contained in the 1944 Chicago Convention, which states that the convention mandates that the growth of safe and orderly international civil aviation be guaranteed. The 1944 Chicago Convention obliges the state to ensure flight safety, including Indonesia. The intended flight safety is where every flight must be guaranteed safety by the country concerned, including civil aviation, military aviation, and drone flights or unmanned aircraft, because their operation using remote pilots has the potential to cause accidents.

Renewal Study of LoCa Between ATS RO Unit and Approach Combined With Tower Unit Perum LPPNPI Ternate

2024-01-03T09:01:10+00:00

An Air Traffic Controller (ATC) can be easily disrupted by several factors. At the AirNav Ternate Assistant Branch Office, the author observed several factors that could disturb the performance of an ATC. These factors include the need for ATC to directly monitor the AFTN (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network) to discover flight plans and flight-related news. Each working unit must have good coordination. In the LOCA (Local Operating Control Area) between ATS RO (Area Control Center) and APP (Approach Control) combined with TWR (Tower), it is not clarified that ATS RO personnel inform the TWR unit about flight plans and flight-related news. Moreover, there is a lack of authority and responsibility for each unit, making it unclear what the exact authority and obligations of each unit are in carrying out their tasks. The research employed by the author involves qualitative observational research methods. The study led to the renewal of the LOCA between ATS RO and the APP combined with TWR in Ternate. This renewal includes the delineation of authority for each unit and the responsibilities that each unit must carry out. There is coordination regarding the notification of an aircraft's capabilities in using PBN (Performance-Based Navigation) or RNP (Required Navigation Performance) from the ATS RO unit to the APP combined with the TWR unit in Ternate. This coordination is achieved using the available communication tools.

The Effect of Delay in Changing Slot Time on Electronic Flight Progress Strips on Air Traffic Services

2023-11-02T01:03:19+00:00

Along with the increasing amount of traffic at Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport, the quality of Air Traffic Control services at PERUM LPPNPI Denpasar must be improved. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method as a reference in this research. In this research, it is found that pilots often request ATC clearance, start-up clearance or pushback clearance not in accordance with the applicable slot time, either too early or past the limit of the aircraft's slot time itself (expired), so the Clearance Delivery Unit must contact the ATS-RO to update the slot time on the FPS of the aircraft. This can hamper the process of guiding flight traffic in the Tower unit. Therefore, the author offers a solution, one of which is the procurement of an alerting system that is integrated between the ATFM unit and the ATS RO unit.

Factors Influencing Airport Technology Development: Customer Convenience, Aviation Security, and Environmental Issues

2024-01-04T00:34:58+00:00

Technology development had introduced automation techniques in the airport operation and service system. Passengers also feel more comfortable choosing an airport which has equipped with technology. Therefore, many airports are becoming more enthusiastic about implementing new technologies because they can increase efficiency, reliability, and sustainability within their operations. This article then tried to explain several factors which are significantly influencing airport technology development. The method used by the authors was a qualitative method focusing on the literature review. The research result showed that there are three prominent factors influencing airport technology development. First, the customer convenience factor encourages airports to apply self-service technologies that are more flexible and efficient. Second, the aviation security factor creates body scanner technology to automatically scan the passengers and the liquid explosives detection system. Third, environmental issues can be looked at from the airport’s efforts to implement various energy-saving behaviors and utilize renewable energy sources. Moreover, there are also other factors influencing the airport technology development, namely price, rapidness, customer experience, customer value, risk minimization, and communication enhancem.

Critical Analysis of Obstacles and Opportunities in the Implementation of Peaceful Value-Based Higher Education Management

2023-11-22T18:55:27+00:00

Universities, as institutions of higher education, play an important role in shaping society and producing future leaders. One of the increasingly popular approaches to higher education management is peaceful values-based higher education management. The purpose of this study is to thoroughly analyze various articles, literature, and research reports related to the application of this approach. The results show that however, the research also points out many important opportunities, such as building an inclusive learning environment, building more moral leaders, and improving the public perception of the college. In addition, the research shows how important the integration of peaceful values in the higher education curriculum and cross-sectoral cooperation are. This research provides important information for higher education leaders, educational practitioners, and policy makers to make useful plans to face challenges and capitalize on opportunities to implement peaceful values-based higher education management, which can have a positive impact on society and the nation as a whole.

How much carbon does flight school produce?

2024-01-04T00:24:42+00:00

Aviation in the world has contributed 2.5% of total carbon emissions. The aviation industry is not only dominated by commercial flights with large aircraft (wide body) but there are also many small piston engine aircraft that use 100 low lead Aviation Gasoline (Avgas) fuel. A total of almost 230 thousand piston-engine aircraft are in operation in the world, some of which are operated by flying schools. There are more than 20 pilot schools in Indonesia that operate nearly 250 piston-engine aircraft. This research aims to find out how much carbon emissions are produced by pilot schools in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative method using secondary data in the form of aircraft production hours. Literature data also calculates the amount of carbon released into the air. This research was carried out at the Indonesian Civil Pilot Academy of Banyuwangi in September 2023. The results of the research show that the Indonesian Pilot Academy Banyuwangi produces more than 450 tonnes of carbon every year and all pilot schools in Indonesia are estimated to contribute 8000 tonnes of CO₂ to the air. Several solutions can be used to reduce the increase in carbon in the free air, including carbon taxes, the use of sustainable fuels, and most importantly planting trees.

Risk Management Framework Understanding Business Processes to Manage Risk

2023-11-23T00:41:41+00:00

Risk management is a method used to control risks that are full of uncertainty, have a large impact, and are always threatening. Risk governance itself consists of risk identification, risk assessment, risk evaluation, and risk management. Risk management can be developed by combining the framework with business process management, making it easier to identify the risks that exist in each activity. This research aims to develop the concept of a risk management approach through business process management. The research used is qualitative research using two types of data sources, namely primary data and secondary data. The tools used are mind maps from the application mind manager. The research was carried out at the Indonesian Aviation Academy Banyuwangi for nine months starting from January to September 2022. The research results show that the two management frameworks can be developed simultaneously and used together with the final goal being good risk governance to achieve organizational goals. The development of these two frameworks can add value, provide value, and create new value in addition to maintaining existing value.

Modeling Circle Runway to Increase Runway Capacity

2023-11-18T17:50:13+00:00

Runway is a runway for airplanes to land (landing) or to fly (takeoff). Runway is a major component in an airport, it is necessary to plan a good runway. The runway at Juanda Airport uses a conventional system where the runway is rectangular. In this final project the author plans a runway with a circular runway model. The circular runway is a radical new runway design with a circular shape. With a circular runway, airport operators can operate the runway regardless of the wind direction and for all types of aircraft. Airports with circular runways have a smaller footprint than airports with conventional runways. With the existence of a circular runway, it is expected to increase runway capacity compared to conventional runway capacity. Circular runways can also allow airports to continue operating without interference from crosswinds. From the calculation results, it is found that the runway has a circumference of 9864 m. The ARFL length obtained for a circular runway with a Boeing 747-400 aircraft as a reference is 3795 m. The width of the circular runway is determined to be 140 m wide. The slope of the runway starts at an angle of 0° and then increases gradually to 20°. While the force felt by the aircraft when landing on a circular runway is 0.43 g. Juanda's conventional runway capacity is 32 operations per hour. Where the circular runway capacity is 64 operations per hour, this capacity may increase depending on the type of aircraft served.

Analysis Of The Aviation Security Officer's Role In Ensuring Aviation Security During The New Normal And Endemic

2024-01-04T00:06:56+00:00

At the end of 2019, the world was shaken by the emergence of a new virus, namely the coronavirus. The more people gather in confined spaces, the greater the risk of coronavirus transmission. Airports are places where many individuals from various countries and regions gather, posing the potential to spread viruses or infectious diseases. By implementing health protocols at airports, it is hoped that the spread of diseases can be controlled, providing passengers with confidence to travel safely by air. This research employs a qualitative method with data collection techniques through interviews, observations, and documentation. Additionally, quantitative methods involve univariate and bivariate analysis of data. Univariate analysis is presented in frequency distribution, while bivariate analysis uses an independent t-test with a confidence interval of 95% (? = 0.05). The data analysis process includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results indicate that the average level of active service during the pandemic is higher compared to the endemic period. The increased implementation of flight activities may be attributed to the ongoing transmission of COVID-19. During the endemic era, new practices are observed at airports, including examinations aligned with Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Additional checks and rules are imposed on prospective passengers and airport personnel, such as the mandatory use of masks and health document inspections for passengers undertaking travel.

Advancements and Challenges in the Search for Lead-Free Aviation Fuel: A Review

2024-01-03T03:26:14+00:00

The quest for lead-free aviation fuel has spurred advances in technology and environmental sustainability. This article presents a concise overview of aviation fuel evolution, primarily focusing on the search for alternatives to traditional-led Aviation Gasoline (AVGAS). Since the inaugural flight by the Wright brothers in 1903, avgas became integral to piston-engine aircraft, albeit with environmental concerns due to its lead content. Consequently, extensive research has pursued cleaner fuel options to mitigate lead emissions' environmental and health hazards. Numerous studies have explored potential substitutes for avgas, including mogas, alcohol-based additives, and fuel blends, aiming to maintain aircraft performance while reducing or eliminating lead content. Recent investigations have assessed the effects of different fuel processes on aircraft performance and emissions. High-octane mogas (RON 98) has emerged as a promising alternative to replace leaded avgas, showcasing its potential as a viable solution. Despite progress, further research is essential. Pursuing cleaner aviation fuel requires balancing performance optimization and environmental sustainability. Continued exploration and experimentation are crucial to identifying optimal solutions meeting aviation standards while ensuring a safer, greener future for air travel

Green Polymer Composites for Aerospace Engineering Applications : A Review

2024-01-10T23:49:44+00:00

In the last decade, Study on the use of natural fibers as synthetic substitute materials or green polymer composites is growing. The growth of green polymer composites has had a significant impact on polymer composite research and innovation. This rapid growth provides advantages over low-cost synthetic fiber composites and reduces adverse impacts on the environment. Because of its potential, this material is applied in various engineering fields, including in the aerospace engineering. In recent years, various improvements have been made to natural fiber composite materials to improve physical, mechanical and chemical properties. The aim of this review is to highlight trends in the use of natural fiber polymer composites applied to the aerospace engineering. This review article explains the latest research activities regarding green polymer composite fabrication, advantages of green polymer composites, and applications in the aerospace engineering

Seas of Motivation: OCEANTG.COM in Maritime English Training

2024-01-04T00:00:55+00:00

Maritim education possesses a pivotal purpose in endowing kadet with competencies that enable it to function efficiently in the increasingly complex global maritime discourse. This study aims to assess the extent to which the motivation mentioned above can be transmitted through the use of OCEANTG.COM in the study of Maritime English (ME). The methodology for data analysis involved the utilization of a quantitative research design incorporating a questionnaire that was modified from Gardner's Attitude/Motivation Test Battery. The paired t-test yielded significant results regarding the deficient motivation variable with a significance level (Sig.) of 0.000, thus indicating substantial evidence. OPEN SEATNICH.COM, a platform for learning, menadakan potential as a source of inspiration that encourages individuals to comprehend and apply knowledge in the field of maritime English. OCEANTG.COM served as a valuable resource for the development of a practical curriculum for marine students due to its interactive content, fungsional inklusif, and adherence to industry standards. This thesis asserts that there is no need for an innovative thesis statement regarding the motivation of a junior in maritime English.

Mechanical Properties Of Biocomposites With Unsaturated Vinyl Ester Matrix Reinforced With Durian Skin Fiber As A Green Composite Application

2023-12-02T05:44:25+00:00

In this study, a biocomposite based on vinylester fortchem 411 VE filled with durian skin fiber (DSF) was successfully synthesized using the casting method with the aid of a catalyst to accelerate the biocomposite fabrication process. DSF was treated with 7% NaOH. The biocomposite was loaded separately with treated DSF at 3 to 6% by weight, and its tensile properties were investigated. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the biocomposite decreased with the addition of DSF particles, and lower values were found compared to the matrix. Additionally, alkali treatment on DSF reduced the strain and modulus of the biocomposite compared to the composite without DSF filler. The opposite trend was found in the case of elongation at break. However, biocomposites with treated DSF showed greater elongation compared to biocomposites without DSF filler. This was indicated by the presence of air voids and roughness on the fractured surface of the biocomposite treated with DSF.

Coffee Skin Fiber Biocomposite for Brake Pad Applications

2024-01-03T03:17:52+00:00

In this research, a biocomposite made from brass, magnesium oxide and polyester is filled with coffee skin powder fibers using a compaction method using a hydraulic press machine as a specimen maker. Biocomposites have variations in coffee skin powder of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% by weight and were investigated for the hardness and surface morphology of brake lining. The hardness strength increased with the addition of coffee skin powder and was found to be higher than the matrix. Microscopic observation shows that the biocomposite bonds are not homogeneous. This is indicated by the presence of voids in the biocomposite specimen.

Analysis of Electric Current on Aluminum Plate Welding Using MMA (Manual Metal Arc) Method

2024-01-03T23:58:24+00:00

Many industries depend on welding, which joins materials with heat. This research focuses on Manual Metal Arc (MMA) welding aluminum plates due to its adaptability for thin materials and compatibility with aluminum's unique properties. The study investigates how electric current affects aluminum plate MMA welding, improving welding methods. The study examined the effect of electric current on aluminum plates using the MMA method using a qualitative descriptive research design. Sorong Merchant Marine Polytechnic's workshop laboratory conducted the research from February to May 2023 using AWS E 6013 welding electrodes and ASTM A36 plates. Data was collected through observation, documentation, and literature review, then analyzed using data reduction principles. Results show that electric current variation significantly affects welding characteristics. Increased amperage penetrates deeper, but excessive current can melt and weaken joints. Amperage, weld rate, joint quality, and penetration depth must be balanced. The study emphasizes precise welding control, improving welding efficacy. The complex relationship between critical parameters emphasizes the need for careful equilibrium and the importance of following welding guidelines and parameters in the Welding Procedure Specification. As inadequate or excessive current can affect weld quality, this research improves MMA aluminum plate welding results.

Sustainable Energy for Sorong's Fishermen: Solar Panel Technology Implementation

2024-01-03T23:56:40+00:00

The decrease in the quantity of fishermen residing in Sorong City serves to underscore the considerable operational costs that they encounter, primarily attributable to unpredictability in catches and fuel usage. This study investigates the capacity of solar panel technology to mitigate these obstacles by supplying fishing vessels with sustainable energy sources. Despite being widely adopted on land, solar panel technology continues to be underutilized in marine environments, particularly within the fishing industry of Sorong City. The purpose of this study is to examine the advantages of installing solar panels to illuminate fishing vessels in Sorong City in order to provide practical suggestions for ensuring the sustainability of the industry. The study employed a descriptive qualitative research design, incorporating methods such as interviews, documentation review, and literature review. The installation of ten solar panel lighting systems yielded several benefits, including decreased dependence on fossil fuels, improved economic and operational sustainability, enhanced safety during operations, and social advantages. The study makes a valuable contribution towards facilitating the integration of solar panel technology into the fishing sector by establishing a framework for policies that encourage the adoption of this technology in fishing communities.

Overview of Pani Base Camp Traffic Movement at Gorontalo Airspace

2023-11-14T00:01:59+00:00

Flight plan is specific information related to a flight that will be destination. Flight plan contains information that covers the entire route of the intended flight. So the flight plan is mandatory on every flight. However, this is not in line with what happened to Perum LPPNPI KCP Gorontalo when it found traffic movements from Pani Base Camp owned by PT Gorontalo Sejahtera Mining. In addition, both parties also do not have a coordination agreement (LOCA) related to the movement of traffic from Pani Base Camp. In this research, the author uses a qualitative descriptive method to describe the problems that occur at Perum LPPNPI KCP Gorontalo based on data collected in the form of phenomena or events that occur. The purpose of this research is to achieve efficiency, effectiveness, and flight safety at Perum LPPNPI KCP Gorontalo.

Airport Carbon Emission Accreditation as a Policy Approach towards Net Zero Carbon 2050

2024-01-04T00:20:56+00:00

Airport carbon emissions accreditation is a carbon management program for airports that can independently assess and recognize airport efforts to manage and reduce CO2 emissions. This proposal is an adaptation of the Airport Carbon Accreditation Program launched by the Airport Council International (ACI) SINCE 2009. In this program, concrete steps can be taken starting from identification, planning, prioritization, implementation, monitoring and improvement, determination, justification and demonstration. It is important to immediately begin identifying or censusing potential carbon emitters in all areas of airport resources which are then calculated so that the value of carbon emissions can be known quantitatively and specifically. Then further efforts such as lowering or even offsetting can be done in a more measurable manner. If the airport carbon offset policy, which replaces airport carbon emissions or other greenhouse gases in order to compensate for emissions, is implemented and becomes a global mandatory, it means that Indonesia has a fairly strong footing.

Analysis of CO2 Emission Reduction in Aviation Using Mix of 2,4% Biofuel

2023-11-23T03:58:12+00:00

The activities of flight have an impact on the environment. Combustion from aircraft fuel produces chemical products that have been emitted from the high-speed aircraft engine. Aircraft engines produce emissions that are similar to other emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion. The transportation sector include land and air transportation produced 22,4 % from all energy sector. To reduce aircraft emissions while maintaining healthy economic growth, the aviation sector needs to reduce the use of fossil jet fuel by using sustainable aviation fuel. The use of biofuel in airplanes does not completely replace the fuel we use today, but gradually starting with a mixture of 10 % or 20 %. Several European countries and China have used biofuels made from waste in each country. Likewise in Indonesia, Pertamina collaborates with ITB, producing aircraft fuel from palm oil. The flight test using a Garuda Boeing 737 aircraft was successful using a mixture of 2.4% biofuel in October 2023. The CO₂ emission estimation calculations at three large airports in Indonesia, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Jakarta, Juanda International Airport Surabaya and Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport Makassar that using aviation fuel and a mix of aviation fuel with 2.4 % biofuel, reduce by 2.83 % - 2.95 %.

Analysis of Business Capital, Ability and Will to Sales of Small Businesses in Kota Pari Village North Sumatra

2024-03-12T06:40:39+00:00

This study aims to analyze business capital, ability, and willingness to sell small businesses managed by housewives in Kota Pari Village, North Sumatra. Small businesses managed by housewives play an important role in driving the local economy and improving family welfare. However, the factors that influence the success of these small businesses are not fully understood. This study uses a quantitative approach with data collection through questionnaires distributed to small business owners who are housewives in Kota Pari Village. The research sample consisted of 200 respondents who were randomly selected. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and regression analysis. The results showed that business capital, ability to manage the business, and willingness to develop have a significant impact on the success of small businesses managed by housewives in Kota Pari Village. Adequate business capital provides them with the resources to start and run a business better, while skills in management, marketing and finance play an important role in increasing productivity and profitability. In addition, a strong willingness to learn and grow enables business owners to overcome obstacles and pursue opportunities in their businesses. This research provides positive implications for policymakers and small business support institutions in the region. Encourage greater access to venture capital, skills training, and training for small businesses. mentoring can help housewives managing small businesses to achieve greater success and overall contribute to the economic growth of Kota Pari Village and its surroundings.

The Effect Of Price And Product Quality On Sales Volume In SMEs Products Kota Pari Village

2024-03-30T05:54:32+00:00

The goal of every business is to make a profit, and there are many ways to achieve this. The company reached, including the increase in volume sales along with SMEs products in Kota Pari village Pantai Cermin District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, with the aim of further sales growth. Check is designed to analyze the influence of price and product quality on sales volume. partial and simultaneous sales. This study used linear regression analysis doubles. The data used is primary data that comes from the random distribution of the questionnaires directly to SMEs customers in Kota Pari Village. 30 samples were used respondents. The test is carried out in three steps: validity and reliability tests, tests Classical hypotheses and hypothesis tests. The test results show that the value of the coefficient marks (R2 ) of 0.95 or 95%, while the remaining 5% is influenced by other variables. Partial examination and contextual examination of the price and quality of the product has a significant impact on sales volume. MSMEs in the city of Paris should really do this pays attention to the price and quality of the product because these two variables are very important has an impact on sales volume.

Financial Statements of MSMEs in Pari City with SAK EMKM Standards

2024-04-18T04:51:26+00:00

Financial reports play a crucial role in managing and monitoring the financial performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This study aims to evaluate the process of preparing MSME financial statements based on the Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small and Medium Entities (SAK EMKM) in Pari City. The research method applied is descriptive analysis, by collecting data through interviews and direct observation of MSMEs in Pari City. The results of the analysis show that MSMEs in Kota Pari still face a number of obstacles in preparing financial statements in accordance with SAK EMKM, including the lack of qualified human resources and adequate understanding of accounting standards. Therefore, recommendations are proposed to increase MSMEs' understanding and awareness of the importance of preparing proper financial statements in accordance with SAK EMKM, as well as to strengthen cooperation between MSMEs and relevant parties to provide the necessary guidance and technical support. By doing so, it is hoped that MSMEs in Pari City can improve the quality of their financial statements and support the growth and sustainability of their businesses.

Analysis Of Compensation, Work Environment On Employee Performance With Satisfaction Employment As An Intervening Variable

2024-04-26T15:14:49+00:00

The purpose of this study is to try and look into how compensation (X1), and work environment (X2) on employee performance affect employee performance (Y), which is mediated by satisfaction (Z). The people in this study were customers, and 120 samples were taken. From December 2023 to January 2024, the study was done. The SEM-PLS analysis model with Smart PLS 3.0 application was used to process the quantitative data used in this work. Primary data came from people who answered the survey, and secondary data came from talking to people who work at the Department of Industry, Trade, Energy, and Mineral Resources in North Sumatra Province. The study's findings indicate that compensation has a good and major impact on happiness. This means that pay has a good and not very important effect on job satisfaction, and so does the work environment. Employee satisfaction has a small but good effect on how well they do their job. The work environment has a big and good effect on how well employees do their jobs. Competence has a big and good effect on how well employees do their jobs. Pay has a small but good effect on how well employees do their jobs.

Action Criminal Persecution Which Done Parents Regarding Children are Reviewed From a Criminal Law Perspective

2024-04-30T08:24:37+00:00

Basically, parents? must give protection to child from follow violence and abuse. This matter in accordance with regulation of Article 13 paragraph (1) of the Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection (“ Child Protection Law ”) as stated changed by Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Changes to the Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection (“UU 35/2014”) which states that every child during in care of parents, guardians, or any other party is responsible answer on nurturing, entitled get protection from treatment. Study This aim For study about protection law to children who are victims of bullying criminal abuse by his parents.? With use approach review literature and methodology study law normative. In terms of this, sanctions criminal towards parents who do it persecution to his son is: in the form of criminal prison and criminal fine, plus with one third as referred to in Article 356 of the Criminal Code. (Abstract)

Legal Protection of Children Involved in Violent Crime

2024-04-30T08:49:28+00:00

Violence is something action injure physique somebody with in a way on purpose or No not intentionally? deliberately that has been arranged in the Criminal Code Article 336. Violence is also carried out by a person child. Involvement child in the case criminal law in Indonesia for adults This show very worrying development. The more Lots intersecting children in Indonesia with law show exists change from self a child emerges? Because various factor. Study This aim For study about protection law to children involved? in No criminal violence. With use approach review literature and methodology study law normative. In terms of Here, old man must involved to child in educate, care for and protect children No do things that don't justified in law especially children who come along involved in follow criminal violence.

Factors That Affect Legal Protection of Workers Who Experience Termination of Employment (PHK) Post The Enforcement of Law Number 11 of 2020 Concerning Job Creation

2024-05-12T00:42:14+00:00

Termination of Employment (PHK) is still a problem that will not end as long as there are workers and employers. Field Data shows that employment termination disputes (PHK) always dominate industrial relations disputes that occur in Indonesia, meaning that the issue of layoffs is a vital problem that always arises because it concerns the continuity of life of workers and the obligations of employers. After the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, it resulted in several changes in the substantive regulations of Employment Law. Likewise with layoffs, through Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation which was promulgated into Law in March 2023, compensation and the reasons that accompany it are also regulated in this Law. This research method uses a literature study that examines various regulations related to the compensation that workers who are laid off should receive. Apart from that, various factors are explained that cause the rights of workers who experience layoffs to not be fulfilled. Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation in principle regulates the rights and obligations of the parties in the event of layoffs. Apart from that, there are various reasons and conditions that are permitted and prohibited for workers and entrepreneurs when ending their employment relationship. The consequences of the regulation of layoffs in this Law create an obligation for the parties to comply and implement according to the provisions of the Law. Although in practice there are still parties who ignore or even forget their obligations for various reasons. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the factors that cause these rights to not be fulfilled so that they can affect the protection that workers should receive in the event of layoffs.

Support System for the Decision to Selection of the Best Employees in Career Development Employee Performance at the Airport

2024-05-22T03:52:05+00:00

Airports are centers of economic activity, becoming the main gateway for the global movement of people and goods. Working conditions at airports are dynamic, so it is important to analyze the relationship between job training and career development with employee performance in the airport work environment. Optimal employee performance is critical in achieving efficient operational goals and providing quality service to passengers. Human resources are one of the factors that determine the effectiveness and productivity of an organization, the success of all types of organizations basically depends on the skills and abilities of the community of employees who make it up. Decision support system or can be used to analyze the selection of the best employees at the airport so as to create high morale and work motivation in employees. Analysis of the decision support system for selecting the best employees is carried out with applications used by leaders using the profile matching method in the process of finding value to be more effective and assessment to be more objective.

Strategy for Increasing Geothermal Power Plant Capacity Through Organic Rankine Cycle Integration Using Matlab Modeling

2024-05-29T03:57:48+00:00

The increasing global demand for sustainable and clean energy sources has intensified the focus on geothermal energy. Geothermal power plants, utilizing Earth's core heat, offer a stable energy supply. However, their efficiency can be significantly enhanced by integrating advanced technologies such as the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). This study explores the integration of ORC with geothermal power plants using MATLAB modeling to optimize system performance. The MATLAB simulations demonstrate that ORC integration can enhance power output by up to 20%, utilizing low-temperature geothermal resources more effectively. The model evaluates various working fluids, heat exchanger designs, and cycle configurations to identify optimal conditions. The results highlight the potential of ORC to increase overall plant efficiency and capacity, making geothermal energy a more competitive and sustainable option. This integration maximizes energy utilization, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and aligns with global sustainability goals. Future research should focus on advanced ORC configurations, real-world validations, and broader renewable energy applications to fully realize the benefits of this technology.

The Role of Bumdes in Community Income In Pematang Serai Village

2024-05-29T04:24:19+00:00

This research aims to examine the role of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in increasing community income in Pematang Serai Village. The research method used is qualitative research with a case study approach. Data was obtained through observation, interviews and documentation studies. The research results show that BUMDes has a significant role in increasing the income of the people of Pematang Serai Village through the various business units they manage. These business units, among others, operate in the agricultural, handicraft, service sectors, and so on. BUMDes also provides training and assistance to the community to improve their skills and economic capacity. However, there are still several obstacles such as lack of capital and minimal community participation. Therefore, this research proposes several recommendations to increase the role of BUMDes in increasing the income of the people of Pematang Serai Village.

The Influence of Financial Distress, Debt Default, and Company Growth on Going Concern Audit Opinion In Manufacturing Companies In The Textile and Garment

2024-05-29T04:53:56+00:00

The background of this research entitled The Effect of Financial distress, Debt Default, and Company Growth on Going Concern Audit Opinions in Textile and Garment Sub-Sector Manufacturing Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) is due to financial difficulties characterized by a decrease in profits, failure to pay off debts at maturity, and a fairly poor company growth rate from one year to the next. This study aims to determine the effect of financial distress, debt default, and company growth on going concern audit opinion in textile and garment sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2018-2021. This research method uses a quantitative approach that is associative in nature. The population in this study were textile and garment sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the IDX in 2018-2021. The sample was determined using purposive sampling method and based on predetermined criteria. Then the number of samples used was 13 companies with a time period of 4 years so that the observation data in this study were 52 samples processed using SPSS 24. The data analysis technique used in this study is logistic regression analysis. The results showed that financial distress and company growth partially affect going concern audit opinion. Meanwhile, debt default partially has no effect on going concern audit opinion. Simultaneously, the variables of financial distress, debt default, and company growth affect going concern audit opinion.

Legal Protection of Household Assistants Under Labor Law in Indonesia

2024-05-29T05:22:57+00:00

Household assistant? No have umbrella law For get rights as worker. Everyone needs it work for fulfil need for more life prosperity, work is mandatory demands? filled with everyone inside? maintain his life. Protection law for assistant House ladder only can accomplished If There is base clear law? for can applies for workers? House stairs and make they as worker in a juridical sense. Problem in study This is form protection law to assistant House ladder in materialized welfare and rights as assistant House ladder. In research This use method study normative law with approach normative juridical. Deep data collection study This done with Study librarianship (library research) towards regulation related laws and regulations and analyze the data qualitative. Research result This can the conclusion that assistant House ladder get protection law based on Constitution Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment and earning rights for materialized a more prosperous life.

Village Financial Ratios in Assessing the Performance of Village Financial Statements in Kota Pari Village

2024-05-29T08:14:23+00:00

Government financial reports are an information media tool as a means to assess government financial performance in assessing government achievements in village financial management. The purpose of this study is to analyze village financial performance through a ratio approach with village income and expenditure analysis, analyze the degree of decentralization, village financial income ratio, village income growth analysis, village expenditure efficiency ratio, PADesa effectiveness ratio, village expenditure ratio per field village government organizers, implementers of village development, disaster management and community development on village income, City Village Government It is necessary to improve financial performance such as the degree of decentralization and analysis of very low village income growth, high village financial dependence ratio, less effective village original income effectiveness ratio, less efficient village expenditure efficiency ratio, good perfield village expenditure ratio. The village government of Kota Pari makes policies regarding the management of village original income through monitoring and evaluation so that the village's original income target is achieved.

Correlation Between Praying and Feeling Calm When Using Air Transport

2024-05-31T10:05:03+00:00

Anxiety and unrest often arise when someone uses air transportation, such as airplanes. This is due to a variety of factors, such as previous bad experiences, fear of accidents, or simply unfamiliarity with the flight situation. In this context, praying is considered to help overcome feelings of anxiety and increase a sense of calm during the use of air transportation. This study aims to analyze the correlation between praying and feeling calm when using air transportation. The method used is a survey with questionnaires as data collection instruments. The research sample consisted of 200 respondents of Panca Budi development university students who had used air transportation. The results showed a significant positive correlation between praying and feeling calm when using air transportation. The more often a person prays, the calmer he will feel during an airplane trip. Further analysis revealed that age, experience using air transportation, and religious beliefs also influenced the relationship between prayer and feelings of calm. These findings provide valuable new knowledge and have important implications for the development of strategies to overcome anxiety and improve calmness when using air transport. Praying can be one of the effective interventions to help air transport users, especially those who have flight-related worries and fears.

Community-Based Ecotourism in Kota Pari Village: Enhancing Forest Management and Conservation Efforts

2024-06-03T03:12:09+00:00

Community-based ecotourism in Kota Pari Village offers an innovative approach to forest management and conservation efforts. By utilizing abundant natural potential, ecotourism not only creates new economic opportunities for local residents but also increases environmental awareness and nature conservation. This approach emphasizes the active involvement of communities in the management of their natural resources, with the aim of creating sustainable development that protects and promotes biodiversity. Although faced with a number of challenges, such as a lack of tourism infrastructure and understanding of sustainable practices, community-based ecotourism remains promising as an effective model for preserving forests and supporting the well-being of local communities. With support from various parties, Kota Pari Village can become a successful example of environmental conservation and sustainable development efforts in Indonesia.

Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as Innovation in the Era of Disruption in Reducing the Risk of Islamic Banking in Indonesia

2024-06-03T02:48:32+00:00

This research aims to describe the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in risk management and its impact on Islamic banking. This type of research is qualitative with a library study approach or data obtained from various literary sources such as books, journal articles, and previous research. Descriptive data analysis related to the application of artificial intelligence for risk management in sharia banking. The results of this research explain that the Islamic banking sector really needs the application of AI as a competitive strategy in the industrial market. The role of artificial intelligence as a form of risk management can provide solutions to the problems faced by Islamic banking institutions. So that it can increase banking industry income by minimizing losses.

Children's Rights as Victims of Criminal Acts in the Perspective of Child Protection Law, Human Rights and Law

2024-06-10T15:00:05+00:00

Children as the next generation of the nation who will continue to develop towards a better direction. Children are entrusted by Allah to parents, society, nations and countries who inherit the teachings of Islam (revelation of Allah SWT) which will later prosper the world as rahmatan lil 'âlamîn. That every child as a victim has rights regulated in the Child Protection Law, Human Rights, and Islamic Law. The rights of children as victims of criminal acts include, such as treatment, psychological rehabilitation and compensation. This research was conducted with normative legal research. Normative law research is research that lays down law as a building of a norm system, which consists of principles, norms, rules of laws and regulations, court decisions, agreements and doctrines.

Analysis of Raw Material Inventory Control Using the EOQ Method at PT Wijaya Karya Beton Tbk

2024-06-20T06:05:26+00:00

Raw material inventory control is one of the important aspects of operational management of manufacturing companies. This study aims to analyze the control of raw material inventory using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method at PT Wijaya Karya Beton Tbk. The EOQ method is used to determine the optimal number of orders that can minimize the total inventory cost, which consists of order costs and storage costs. Conducting an analysis of the amount of sand safety supplies, pc strands and joint plates that must be provided by PT Wijaya Karya Beton Tbk PPB for the period of 2017-2019, analyzing the control of raw material inventories in sand, pc strands and joint plates using the EOQ method. The variables used are the purchase of sand raw materials, pc strands and splicing plates for the 2017-2019 period, raw material ordering cost data, and raw material storage cost data. The results of the study concluded that the EOQ method was very efficient. The total cost of raw material inventory calculated according to EOQ is less than that incurred by the company, so there is a saving in the cost of raw material inventory if the company uses the EOQ method in its raw material inventory.

Analysis of Compensation, Work Discipline and Job Promotion on Employee Performance with Work Morale as an Intervening Variable

2024-06-20T10:00:27+00:00

This study aims to find out and test the analysis of compensation, work discipline, and job promotion on employee performance with work morale as an intervening variable at Tanjung Pura Hospital, Langkat Regency. The population in this study is 86 employees. The sampling technique used was saturated sampling. This study uses quantitative primary data collected through questionnaires and processed with the Smart-PLS Software application. The research was conducted in 2023. The analysis technique used is using the path analysis model. The results of the study showed that compensation, work discipline and job promotion had a positive and significant effect on employee performance with work morale as an intervening variable at Tanjung Pura Hospital, Langkat Regency. In addition, compensation, work discipline, and job promotions also have a positive and significant effect on employee performance directly. These findings indicate that increased compensation, work discipline, and job promotions can increase employee morale, which will ultimately have an impact on improving employee performance at Tanjung Pura Hospital, Langkat Regency.

Issuance Of Business License (NIB) For Halal Certification Legal Review Of The Implementation Of OSS (Online Single Submission)

2024-07-10T11:29:18+00:00

With the issuance of PP No. 24/2018, all laws and regulations that are hierarchically lower than the Government Regulation, With the issuance of PP No. 24/2018, all laws and regulations that are hierarchically lower than Government Regulations, Presidential Regulations, Ministerial Regulations, Agency Regulations, Regional Regulations, Regional Head Regulations must follow and make adjustments to the OSS system, where Online single submition is one application that provides access to be able to register NIB, one of which is NIB registration as a requirement for registration of Halal certification What is the concentration of discussion in this paper is how the issuance of NIB and its relation to halal certification in the legal perspective, This research is normative legal research where normative legal research takes data with a statutory approach. normative legal research or study is basically: "to explain the law or look for meaning and sources of value for the law, only legal concepts are used and the steps taken are normative steps". The statute approach in legal research is used to observe the results of human behavior, issuance of business licenses and issuance of Commercial and/or Operational Licenses in an integrated manner through OSS for both businesses in the form of business entities and individuals, whether micro, small, medium or large businesses; individual/business entity businesses both new and established prior to the operationalization of OSS; as well as businesses with capital that is entirely domestic, or there is a composition of foreign capital, The issuance of business licenses in the halal certification process must comply with the principles of compliance with halal standards, transparency, consumer protection, and sanctions and law enforcement against violations. This aims to ensure product halalness and consumer confidence in halal products consumed.

Legal Regulations Related To Medicinal Products And Capsule Shells In Indonesia

2024-07-10T11:40:06+00:00

A topic of significant concern in the pharmaceutical industry, legal regulation plays a crucial role in overseeing and controlling the production, distribution, and consumption of medicinal products, including capsule shells used as packaging materials. By exploring this aspect, it is hoped to provide a deeper understanding of how the rule of law influences and shapes the sector. As such, this paper will present a comprehensive and informative analysis of the legal regulations applicable in Indonesia in relation to medicinal products and capsule shells. One of the good and responsive laws and regulations in the health sector is one that fulfills the sense of justice and expectations of the community. This research is a normative legal research where normative legal research takes data with a statutory approach, looks for the meaning and source of value of the law, only legal concepts are used and the steps taken are normative steps". The statute approach in legal research is used to observe the results of human behavior. To make regulations derived from the Health Act, various parties affected by this Act need to participate because the regulations derived from the law will be more practical. The initial phase and is expected to look at the Health Law, because, this Law is an OBL Law, which can run well if we understand not only laws related to certain fields but also related to funding, human resources, and other aspects In order to implement Food and Drug supervision, strong regulations are needed, as a non-ministerial government agency that has technical duties, not only technical regulations must be fulfilled, but administrative and strategic regulations are needed. Food and Drug Supervision is a government task that cannot be done alone, and in practice it requires cooperation with many related sectors, both government and private.Meanwhile, the capsule shell as part of a drug instrument where the capsule shell is used as a drug container is an innovation that helps in the effective administration and use of drugs. The capsule shell can protect the drug content from damage, facilitate dose measurement, and extend the shelf life of the drug. Therefore, the regulations and related instruments must be supported and run in tandem in order to create a sense of justice, comfort and order regarding legal arrangements in the health sector.

The Importance of Implementing Android-Based Financial Applications in MSME Financial Reports in Kota Pari Village

2024-07-24T08:45:11+00:00

Financial applications are urgently needed by MSMEs in managing finances effectively and efficiently, so that they can improve the quality of financial reports. The purpose of the study is to analyze how important the application of Android-based financial applications is to the financial statements of MSMEs in Kota Pari Village, Serdang Bedagai. The research method used is descriptive using a qualitative approach. This study uses case studies with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that the application of Android-based financial applications to MSMEs in Kota Pari Village, Serdang Bedagai provides significant benefits. This application can help MSMEs in recording financial transactions, compiling income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow in a more structured manner. In addition, this application also makes it easier for MSMEs to apply for credit and get financial support from financial institutions. Thus, the application of Android-based financial applications to MSMEs in Kota Pari Village, Serdang Bedagai is very important to improve the quality of financial reports and support business growth.

Leveraging Despro App for Promoting Village Potential in Kota Pari Using Crowdsourcing Approach

2024-08-06T03:54:02+00:00

Leveraging Despro App for Promoting Village Potential in Kota Pari Using Crowdsourcing Approach

Socialization Of Improving The Quality of Human Resources In Shaping The Character of Students In The Boarding School Darul Mursyid Islamic Boarding School

2024-08-07T23:03:29+00:00

This community service program aims to improve the quality of human resources through the character building of students at Darul Mursyid Islamic Boarding School. This activity is carried out with intensive and structured socialization regarding the importance of character development in the context of pesantren education. The socialization involved various parties, including ustadz, students, and educators, to ensure that character values such as honesty, discipline, responsibility, and hard work can be internalized properly by the students. The methods used in this socialization include lectures, group discussions, and interactive workshops. The results of this activity are expected to increase the students' awareness and ability to apply positive character values in their daily lives, so that they can become individuals with integrity and contribute positively to the wider community.

Application for Prohibited Item Data Collection for the Security Division of Kualanamu International Airport

2024-08-08T13:44:25+00:00

Kualanamu International Airport, the second-largest airport in Indonesia and the fourth-largest in Southeast Asia, has adequate security facilities for aviation safety, such as an automated baggage handling system (BHS). However, the airport security system lacks a centralized system for recording prohibited items and lost or misplaced belongings in the security screening area. This shortcoming impacts the level of service (LOS) of the airport, which is assessed annually through surveys distributed to airport users. A decline in the could lead to the airport losing its international status, affecting both the internal operations and the surrounding regional economy. This research aims to develop a Prohibited Item Data Collection Application for the Airport Security Division at Kualanamu International Airport. The application will digitize the process of recording prohibited items and lost or misplaced belongings, as well as provide monthly reports to facilitate the retrieval of retained items by passengers. The study involves the participation of Airport Security personnel, who have confirmed the importance of developing this application to support their work performance.

Implementation of Accounting Information System and E-Marketing in increasing MSME income in Kota Pari Village

2024-08-17T03:55:23+00:00

This study aims to analyze the application of accounting and e-marketing information systems in order to increase the income of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), especially palm sugar business actors in Kota Pari Village. The research method used is a case study with a qualitative approach. Data collection is carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. This study aims to analyze accounting information systems and e-marketing for MSMEs in Pari Serdang Bedagai City Village. This type of research is descriptive using a qualitative approach. The data analysis techniques used in this study include observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that the application of accounting information systems helps MSMEs in recording and managing finances in a more structured manner. Based on the analysis of marketing events for brown sugar production, it is generally still running traditionally, namely from word of mouth, the marketing channel is carried out only from producers to collectors. Their obstacle is the lack of knowledge about e-marketing due to the level of education and lack of socialization about the e-marketing system. The implementation of e-marketing allows MSMEs to expand their marketing reach and increase online sales. The integration of these two components has proven to be effective in increasing MSME income in Kota Pari Village. This research provides practical implications for MSMEs to continue to develop information technology and digital marketing capabilities to support business growth. For local governments, the results of this research can be used as input in developing information technology-based MSME empowerment and development programs.

Analysis of The Relationship Between Improving HR Services and Work Motivation in the Living Lab Glugur Rimbun

2024-08-30T12:21:58+00:00

This study examines the relationship between improving Human Resources (HR) services and work motivation in the Living Lab Glugur Rimbun Area. This research is important to understand the dynamics of human resources in a work environment that focuses on sustainability and technology. This study uses a mixed-method approach, this study combines a quantitative survey of 13 workers and in-depth interviews with HR leaders at Panca Budi Development University. The variables studied include aspects of HR services such as green technology-based training, welfare programs that support work-life balance, and performance management systems that are integrated with the goal of achieving performance targets. The results of the study showed a significant positive correlation between the improvement of HR services and the level of work motivation. The study also reveals current challenges, such as adapting to rapid changes in technology, the need for new skills in data management, data input, and the importance of building employee resilience in the face of technological disruption. The implications of this study include recommendations for the development of a more adaptive and innovation-focused HR strategy in the context of the Glugur Rimbun living lab of Panca Budi Development University. This study contributes to the HR management literature in improving servants and highlights the importance of integrating HR development with the motivation created by leaders with the goal of sustainability and work innovation.

Enhancing Network Performance Visibility with Grafana and Prometheus: A Case Study at P.T. Nata Digital Solution

2024-09-02T01:14:12+00:00

This study presents a network monitoring system implementation using Prometheus and Grafana at P.T. Nata Digital Solution. The primary objective was to enhance network performance visibility and streamline network management by integrating Prometheus for data collection and Grafana for data visualisation. Various exporters, including Node, SNMP, and Blackbox, were configured to gather critical performance metrics such as CPU load, memory usage, disk space, and network traffic. The system also incorporated real-time alerting through Telegram, allowing for prompt responses to network issues. The implementation results showed significant improvements in network monitoring efficiency, enabling the I.T. team to proactively address performance bottlenecks and minimise downtime. The study highlights the effectiveness of using open-source tools to provide a scalable, cost-effective monitoring solution tailored to the organisation’s needs. This approach facilitated proactive network management and served as a model for other organisations seeking to enhance their monitoring capabilities. Future work could integrate additional data sources and explore advanced analytics to optimise network management and operational resilience.

Analysis of the Impact of the Implementation of the Financial Inclusion Program on the Profitability and Growth of MSMEs in Kota Pari Village

2024-09-03T02:05:36+00:00

This study aims to analyze the impact of the implementation of financial inclusion programs on the profitability and growth of MSMEs in Pari Serdang Sedagai City Village. One of the government's policies in increasing access to financial services for the wider community, especially in rural areas, is financial inclusion. This study uses a mixed-method approach, this study combines quantitative analysis of financial data from 80 MSMEs in Kota Pari Village. The variables studied include access to banking services, the use of formal credit, the adoption of financial technology, and MSME performance indicators such as revenue growth, profit margin, and business expansion. The results of the study show that the implementation of financial inclusion programs is positively correlated with an increase in the profitability of MSMEs, with an average increase in profit margin of 15%. The growth of MSMEs is also significant, with 60% of respondents reporting business expansion. Factors contributing to this success include increased access to working capital, adoption of digital payments, and increased financial literacy. However, the study also identified challenges such as the digital divide and infrastructure limitations that hinder the equitable distribution of program benefits. The knowledge generated in this study is informing policymakers and development practitioners in designing and implementing more effective financial inclusion programs in rural areas. The study also highlights the importance of a holistic approach that considers local characteristics and the specific needs of MSMEs in an effort to increase financial inclusion.

Economic Consequences of Domestic Violence (Study of Besilam Village, Langkat Regency)

2024-09-16T13:20:30+00:00

Domestic Violence (DV) is a detrimental and complex phenomenon, involving social, psychological, and economic aspects in the context of the family. This study aims to identify and analyze economic factors that contribute to the occurrence of domestic violence in Besilam Village, Langkat Regency. A comprehensive approach that includes economic, social, and educational aspects is needed to address the problem of domestic violence in Besilam Village. Efforts are needed to strengthen women's economy through skills training and better access to jobs, as well as education about the importance of equality in marital relationships. In addition, support from the government and related institutions is needed in providing protection and services for victims of domestic violence, as well as social campaigns to raise public awareness of the negative impacts of domestic violence. Efforts are needed to strengthen women's economy through skills training and better access to jobs, as well as education about the importance of equality in marital relationships. In addition, support from the government and related institutions is needed in providing protection and services for victims of domestic violence, as well as social campaigns to raise public awareness of the negative impacts of domestic violence.

Analyzing Turnover Intention, Employment Period, and Employee Performance in National Narcotics Agency of North Sumatra

2024-09-18T05:00:02+00:00

This research aims to determine and analyze the relationship between turnover intention and length of service on employee performance in Organizational Culture Mediation in the National Narcotics Agency Work Unit (Satker BNN) of North Sumatra Province. The type of research used is quantitative. The population and sample in this research are all permanent employees in the North Sumatra Province BNN Satker, totaling 100 employees (saturated sample). The data source used in this research is primary data. Data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method based on Partial Least Square (PLS) using SmartPLS software. The results of the research state that based on the results and discussion described above, it is concluded that: there is a positive and significant influence of turnover intention on employee performance, there is a positive and significant influence of turnover intention on organizational culture, there is a positive and significant influence of tenure on employee performance. , there is a positive and significant influence of work experience on organizational culture, however, organizational culture does not have a positive and significant influence on employee performance in the Provincial BNN Working Unit.

Analysis of Work Discipline and Leadership Style on Employee Performance Through Organizational Culture on Employee Performance at the National Narcotics Agency Work Unit of North Sumatra

2024-09-30T09:59:29+00:00

This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of work discipline and leadership style on employee performance in Organizational Culture Mediation at the National Narcotics Agency Work Unit (Satuan Kerja Badan Narkotika Nasional) of North Sumatra Province. The type of research used is quantitative. The population and sample in this study were all permanent employees in the North Sumatra Province BNN Satker, totaling 50 employees (saturated sample). The data source used in this research is primary data. Data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method based on Partial Least Square (PLS) using SmartPLS software. The results of the research state that there is a positive and significant influence between work discipline and organizational culture, next there is a positive and significant influence between leadership style and organizational culture, then there is a positive and significant influence between organizational culture on employee performance, there is a positive and significant influence between discipline work and employee performance, there is no positive and significant influence between leadership style and employee performance, there is a positive and significant influence of work discipline on employee performance mediated by organizational culture, there is a positive and significant influence of leadership style on employee performance mediated by organizational culture in the Satker Provincial National Narcotics Agency

Analysis of the Relationship between Turnover Intention, Employee Employment Period and Employee Performance in Organizational Culture Mediation at the National Narcotics Agency Work Unit of Sumatra Province Utara

2024-09-30T10:12:36+00:00

This research aims to determine and analyze the effect of job training and work motivation on employee performance in compensation mediation at the National Narcotics Agency Work Unit (Satker BNN) of North Sumatra Province. The type of research used is quantitative. The population and sample in this study were all permanent employees in the North Sumatra Province BNN Satker, totaling 50 employees (saturated sample). The data source used in this research is primary data. Data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method based on Partial Least Square (PLS) using SmartPLS software. The results of the research state that there is a positive and significant influence between job training and compensation, there is a positive and significant influence between Work Motivation on Compensation, there is a positive and significant influence between Compensation on Employee Performance, there is a positive and significant influence between Training on Employee Performance, there is a positive and significant influence between Work Motivation on Employee Performance, there is a positive and significant influence between Job Training on Employee Performance in Compensation Mediation, there is a positive and significant influence between Work Motivation on Employee Performance in Compensation Mediation at the Provincial BNN Working Unit.

Analysis Of Workload And Work Culture On Employee Performance With Motivation As A Mediation Variable In The Work Unit Of The National Narcotics Agency Of North Sumatera Province

2024-09-30T10:28:10+00:00

This study aims to determine and analyze the relationship between workload, work culture and employee performance in Motivation Mediation at the BNN North Sumatra Province Work Unit. The type of research used is quantitative. The population and sample in this study were all permanent employees at the BNN North Sumatra Province Work Unit totaling 50 employees (saturated sample). The data source used in this study is primary data. The data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method based on Partial Least Square (PLS) using SmartPLS software. The results of the study stated that there was a positive and significant effect of workload on work motivation, there was no positive and significant effect between work culture and work motivation, there was a positive and significant effect between motivation and employee performance, there was a positive and significant effect between workload and employee performance, there was no positive and significant effect of work culture on employee performance, there was a positive and significant effect between Workload and Employee Performance in Motivation Mediation, there was a positive and significant effect between Work Culture on Employee Performance in Motivation Mediation.

Determinants Of Consumer Behavior Towards Online Shopping Decisions Mediated By Trust In Grabfood App Users In Medan City

2024-09-30T10:43:21+00:00

Every e-commerce company must be observant to see every opportunity to grow and effectively develop new innovations in the face of fierce competition to keep consumers from moving and continuing to transact with the company. One of the strategies to grow the buying and selling industry today quickly is to sell products online on social media and e-commerce platforms. The purpose of this research is to analyze and test the influence of attitudes and motivation on customer trust, and analyze and test the influence of attitudes and motivation on grabfood purchase decisions. As well as testing and analyzing the influence of attitudes and motivations on trust-mediated purchase decisions. Quantitative research method, Data analysis using SMART PLS. The sample in this study totaled 85 customers. The results of the study show that attitudes and motivation have a positive and significant effect on customer trust. Attitudes and motivations have a positive and significant effect on grabfood purchase decisions. As well as attitudes and motivations have a positive and significant effect on trust-mediated purchase decisions.

Analysis of Human Resource Competence and Employee Ethics on Employee Performance Mediated by Leadership Style at the National Narcotics Agency of North Sumatra Province

2024-10-10T08:45:44+00:00

Every organization to realize good performance, the organization must also be able to consider several things, including how the attitude or leadership style applied from the organization, as well as a good work ethic will be created if the leadership style applied is good. Leadership style, work ethics and employee performance will run in an organization depending on how the organization provides development to its Human Resources competencies. The purpose of this research is to analyze and test the influence of leadership style, work ethics on employee performance, and analyze and test the influence of leadership style and work ethics on employee performance mediated by HR competencies. Quantitative research method, Data analysis using SMART PLS. The sample in this study amounted to 50 employees of the customer BNN Provsu Task Force. The results of the study show that leadership style and work ethics have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Leadership style and work ethics have a positive and significant effect on human resource competence. As well as leadership style and work ethics have a positive and significant effect on employee performance mediated by HR competencies.

Technology and Social Media Causes of Marriage and Divorce (Study of Besilam Village, Langkat Regency)

2024-10-12T07:20:18+00:00

Marriage and divorce are two important aspects of people's lives that are often influenced by the development of technology and social media. In today's digital era, technology and social media have become an inseparable part of everyday life, influencing various aspects of life including interpersonal relationships, including in the context of marriage and divorce. Besilam Village, Langkat Regency, is no exception to this impact. This study aims to investigate the legal consequences of technology and social media on marriage and divorce in Besilam Village. This research is relevant considering the significant changes in communication patterns, social interactions, and consumer behavior as a direct impact of technological advances and the increasingly widespread use of social media in society. By understanding more deeply the legal impacts associated with the use of technology and social media in the context of marriage and divorce, it is hoped that more effective strategies and solutions can be found in dealing with the problems that arise. Through this study, it is hoped that it will be revealed how technology and social media have influenced the pattern of marital relationships and the divorce process in Besilam Village. The findings of this study are expected to be the basis for the development of better policies, programs, and interventions in dealing with the negative impacts and strengthening the positive aspects of the development of technology and social media in the context of marriage and divorce.

History of The Concept of Restorative Justice (Study of Besilam Village, Langkat City)

2024-10-12T07:36:10+00:00

The history of the development of modern law in the application of restorative justice began with the implementation of a settlement program outside of traditional justice carried out by the community called victim offender mediation which began in the 1970s in Canada. Observers and practitioners who discuss restorative justice conclude that so far victims have essentially not been included in the traditional criminal justice process. Victims are only needed as witnesses if necessary, but in decision-making policies they are not involved at all. The development of the concept of restorative justice in the last 20 years has experienced very rapid development in several countries such as Australia, Canada, England and Wales, New Zealand and several other countries in Europe and the Pacific region. Likewise, in the United States, as a country that more often forms associations with countries to introduce repressive measures of punishment, America cannot avoid the strong influence of the development of restorative justice. Michael Tonry in 1999 began a survey of American sentencing policies with the results of his research obtaining several The living concepts regarding punishment to this day are structured sentencing, risk-based sentencing, indeterminate punishment and restorative/community justice. So restorative justice is one of the punishment concepts that has been developed and is already running in the United States.

Implementation of Scrum Framework for Crowdfunding Application Development in Pari City Village

2024-10-23T06:31:07+00:00

Funds can be utilized for various purposes, including both physical and non-physical endeavors such as infrastructure, scholarships, and social activities. Limited budgets and multifaceted needs often necessitate fundraising efforts, typically undertaken by non-profit organizations. However, fundraising initiatives frequently encounter several challenges, including the time and resources required for information dissemination, inaccuracies in disseminating information, restricted funding methods, low public trust, and suboptimal fundraising calculations. To address these obstacles, a mobile-based software application for fundraising has been developed using the Scrum framework, enabling its completion within 35 days. This application facilitates the efficient dissemination of information, implement notification systems, and provide real-time community access to funding opportunities. Additionally, it enhances the collection and calculation processes in real-time. A System Usability Scale test has demonstrated a usability level of 82.1% for this mobile application.

Providing the Right to Restitution to Child Victims of Crime (Study of Besilam Village, Langkat Regency)

2024-10-26T03:32:24+00:00

One form of compensation for victims of criminal acts is restitution. Restitution in accordance with the Principle of Restoration to its Original Condition (restutio in integrum) is an effort that ensures that crime victims must be returned to their original condition before the crime occurred, even though it is based on the fact that it is impossible for the victim to return to their original condition. This principle emphasizes that the form of recovery for victims must be as complete as possible and cover various aspects arising from the consequences of the crime. With restitution, victims can have their freedom, legal rights, social status, family life and citizenship restored, returned to their place of residence, their job restored, and their assets restored. Restitution itself is defined as the payment of compensation charged to the perpetrator based on a court decision that has permanent legal force for material and/or immaterial losses suffered by the victim or his heirs. For this reason, the perpetrator is required to pay restitution to the child victim of a crime to compensate for the losses suffered by the victim as a form of the perpetrator's responsibility for his actions which caused harm to the victim, his family or his heirs, as the implementation of Article 71 D Paragraph (2) of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. Applications for restitution can be submitted by child victims of criminal acts who must be accompanied by parents/guardians, their heirs or through the Witness and Victim Protection Agency. To apply for this restitution, it is hoped that the child's companions have equipped themselves with the applicant's identity file, the identity of the perpetrator, a description of the criminal act, a description of the losses suffered, the amount of restitution requested and the form of restitution requested.

The Effect of Understanding Tax Accounting on the Effectiveness of Tax Planning in MSMEs

2024-10-26T03:39:01+00:00

This study aims to analyze the effect of understanding tax accounting on the effectiveness of tax planning in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Proper tax accounting can assist MSMEs in developing efficient tax planning strategies, thereby minimizing the tax burden that must be paid legally. The research method used is a quantitative approach with data collection through questionnaires distributed to MSME actors. The results of the analysis show that there is a significant positive relationship between the level of understanding of tax accounting and the effectiveness of tax planning. This finding indicates that the better the MSME actors' understanding of tax accounting, the more effective they will be in planning their tax obligations, which in turn can support the sustainability of their business. This study recommends increasing tax education for MSME players in order to optimize tax planning strategies that are in accordance with the provisions of tax law in Indonesia.

Application of Product Innovation, Digital Marketing and Product Quality to Competitive Advantage in SMEs in the Village of Pari City, Serdang Bedagai Regency

2024-10-29T01:34:02+00:00

This study identifies the location of the Pari kabupaten serdang bedagai. Its type is quantitative and associative, with around 35 respondents who are either residents or members of the UKM that is present in the Pari kabupaten. Desa Pari is one of the most unggulous towns in the area. Its main focus is on the government's policies, which only allow for effective construction in the areas of farm and husbandry. However, among the other resources available in this city, there are still UMKM that can improve a certain area, but the government still focuses on preservation and development. The development policy carried out by the Pari City Village Government focuses on the agricultural and livestock sectors because these sectors are still the main sectors in the village economy. community competence. in Pari village itself, the community, especially parents, only criticize elementary school education, and being fishermen, there are many roles of education that will also advance the village or compete in education. high school and not continuing to college, the lack of education will affect the lack of results of their work, and what's more, with their understanding of quality work in the Pari village, it is not possible to find out which performance is quality or not.

Literacy Of Selling Prices, Raw Materials and Product Quality On Purchasing Decisions Through Consumer Loyalty As A Mediating Variable In Smes In Klambir V Village, Deli Serdang Regency

2024-10-29T01:44:04+00:00

The development of a village is very important for the surrounding community, one of the village's progress is through good business, good natural resources and professional human resources. This means that progress in a village can be realized more quickly. Klambir V village is often hampered in deliveries, therefore many entrepreneurs increase the selling price of products because the raw materials produced in this village are no longer viable, so raw materials are imported from outside the area, so production will also affect the materials. The increase in raw materials and poor quality has influenced the lack of people to buy. This is a phenomenon in Klambir V village. Consumer buying interest is the stage where consumers form their choice between several brands that are included in the choice set, then at this stage consumers will decide to buy the product or not. The process of buying interest starts from the emergence of a need for a product or brand, then the processing of information by the consumer, then the consumer will evaluate the product or brand. The results of this evaluation ultimately give rise to the intention or intent to buy before consumers actually make a purchase.?

Innovation of Information System Based Waste Bank in Pari City Village

2024-10-29T01:49:54+00:00

Innovation in waste bank management in Pari City Village by integrating information technology in its management. This research aims to explore innovative efforts in waste bank management by utilizing information systems. The methodology used in this study is a case study, where data is collected through interviews, observations, and review of related documents. The results of the study show that the management of waste banks in Pari City Village has innovated by integrating information systems. These innovations include the use of waste bank applications to record waste transactions, calculate savings values, and promote waste bank activities. The information system implemented also allows real-time monitoring and reporting of waste bank performance. The integration of information technology in the management of waste banks has increased efficiency, transparency, and community participation.

The Role of Skills, Education and Work Quality in Increasing Community Competence in SMEs in Pari City Village, Serdang Bedagai Regency

2024-10-29T01:59:32+00:00

This research took place in the village of Pari City, Serdang Bedagai Regency, the type of this research was quantitative and associative, from the total sample in this research there were 35 respondents, of which the respondents were residents or SME groups in the village of Pari City. Pari village is still classified as the most superior village on the one hand. Pari town village focuses on government policy only on development in both agriculture and animal husbandry. However, other sources in the city of Pari are still MSMEs which are able to improve a village but the government is still focusing on agriculture and animal husbandry. The development policy carried out by the Pari City Village Government focuses on the agricultural and livestock sectors because these sectors are still the main sectors in the village economy. community competence, in Pari village itself, the community, especially parents, only criticize elementary school education and being fishermen, there are many roles of education that will also advance the village or compete in education. high school and not continuing to college, the lack of education will affect the lack of results of their work, and what's more, with their understanding of quality work in the Pari village, it is not possible to find out which performance is quality or not.

The Role of Transportation in the Development of Medan Urban Areas a Study of Infrastructure and Mobility Patterns

2024-10-30T06:50:53+00:00

Transportation infrastructure plays an important role in supporting urban development, especially in the context of Medan City which continues to experience rapid urbanization. This study aims to examine how transportation infrastructure and mobility patterns contribute to urban development in Medan. Using a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach, this study evaluates the condition of roads, public transportation, and pedestrian facilities and how these elements affect accessibility, connectivity, and community travel patterns. Data were obtained through surveys, interviews with policy makers, and literature analysis on transportation policy and urban planning. The results of the analysis show that adequate transportation infrastructure improves community mobility and encourages local economic growth, while strengthening Medan's attractiveness as a center for trade and investment. This study recommends integrated and sustainable transportation planning to support inclusive and sustainable urbanization.

The Influence of the Work Environment and Emotional Intelligence on the Performance of Employees of the Empowerment Office Village Communities in Langkat Regency

2024-10-30T07:01:56+00:00

The research analysis aims to find out whether the work environment and emotional intelligence have a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Village Community Empowerment Office. The data analysis technique used is an associative research method with the help of the SPSS program. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis. The sample in this study was 82 respondents. Primary data collection uses questionnaires. The results of the study showed that the work environment had a positive but not significant effect on employee performance and emotional intelligence had a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Village Community Empowerment Office.

Implementation of Financial Literacy Based On Financial Technology On The Sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) In Mangrove Forest Tourism Village, Pantai Cermin

2024-11-01T11:33:25+00:00

This community service activity aims to socialize the use of financial technology (fintech) as a financial medium for MSMEs in the Pantai Cermin Mangrove Forest Tourism Village. This socialization is inseparable from an understanding of financial literacy. Fintech is a form of digital finance that can be accessed anywhere and anytime using gadgets as a medium. This socialization is carried out to increase the understanding and ability of the community and tourism managers in utilizing digital payment technology, so as to increase the efficiency and convenience of transactions at tourist attractions. The methods used in this activity include counseling, training, and direct simulation of the use of Fintech. Examples of Fintech include QRIS, DANA, OVO and so on. Socialization participants consisted of tourism managers, traders around the tourist area, and visitors. The results of this activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of Fintech and their ability to use it as a means of payment. In addition, this activity also succeeded in encouraging the adoption of Fintech in Pantai Cermin Mangrove Forest Tourism, which is expected to support increased tourist visits and operational efficiency of tourist attractions. This activity is expected to be an example for other tourist destinations in adopting digital payment technology, so as to encourage digital transformation in the tourism sector. Evaluation and monitoring of the use of Fintech will continue to be carried out to ensure the sustainability and optimization of the benefits of this socialization activity.

Implementation of Law Number 8 of 1999 on the Development of Information Technology in the Economic Development

2024-11-01T11:40:21+00:00

MSME is the meaning of a business or business carried out by individuals, groups, small business entities, or households. Indonesia as a developing country makes MSME the main foundation of the community's economic sector, this is done to encourage the ability of independence that develops in society, especially in the economic sector. In Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection regulates matters relating to the Rights and obligations of business actors and consumers. Information Technology (IT) plays a role as a means of transaction for two elements of online business, namely in providing media facilities in the form of the internet. The web is provided as a place for consumers to choose the goods they want, then in this transaction other technologies are needed to support the online business. namely telephone communication technology is needed (as a communication medium), banks (consumer payment media with producers), shipping agents such as Pos Indonesia. So, Information Technology plays a very important role in the development of online business in Indonesia which can also improve the economy in this country. Information Technology or commonly called Information Technology has played an important role in various fields in this world, especially the economy and others.

Designing a Website-Based Kota Pari Village Mangrove Application with the Agile Scrumban Method

2024-11-01T11:47:24+00:00

This research is motivated by the problem of degradation of mangrove ecosystems in Kota Pari Village which has reached 35% in the last five years due to land conversion, coastal abrasion, and lack of an effective monitoring system. The purpose of the research is to design and develop a website-based mangrove application by implementing the Agile Scrumban method as a solution for the management and preservation of mangrove ecosystems in the region. Application development is carried out through several stages in accordance with the Scrumban framework, including backlog planning, sprint planning, daily standup, and sprint review. The research uses the Agile Scrumban approach. The application is developed using the PHP programming language with the Laravel framework, MySQL database, and a responsive interface using Bootstrap. The results of the study resulted in a website-based mangrove application that has a feature of mapping the distribution of mangroves in Kota Pari Village with GIS integration, an early warning system for mangrove damage, identification of 15 local mangrove species, monitoring of seed growth, and a community-based participatory reporting system. The system test showed a success rate of 95% based on black box testing and a user satisfaction rate of 87% based on User Acceptance Test (UAT) testing. The implementation of the Agile Scrumban method has proven to be effective in managing changing needs and accelerating the application development process.

The Restitution Or Return Of Corporate Taxpayer Value Added Tax

2024-11-02T04:39:01+00:00

This study aims to determine the restitution or return of corporate taxpayer value added tax. This research was conducted at the North Sumatra I DGT Regional Office. The research approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data sources used in this research are primary and secondary data with data collection techniques including documentation and interviews. The results of this study indicate that the North Sumatra I DGT Regional Office in implementing the restitution of corporate taxpayer value added tax is considered to be in accordance with the provisions of the Directorate General of Taxes.

Strategies to Optimize SME Financial Records through Training on Systematic Accounting Procedures in Villages

2024-11-02T04:46:42+00:00

This research was conducted in Kota Pari Village, Pantai Cermin Sub-district, North Sumatra, to examine financial recording by SMEs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the way financial records are made by SMEs, identify the reasons for not applying systematic accounting procedures, and formulate strategies in overcoming financial recording problems. Primary data collection is done through interviews, observation, and documentation with qualitative analysis methods. Factors considered include perception, motivation, financial literacy, and the contribution of universities. The results showed that the financial records of SMEs are still very simple and not in accordance with systematic accounting procedures. The recording process is done manually only includes receipts and expenses. The main cause of this is the perception of SMEs that accounting bookkeeping is not important, as well as low financial literacy related to education level. The role of universities has also not been optimal in providing socialization and training. Suggested solutions include continuous training and mentoring until businesses are able to meet the required recording standards.

The Potential of Hotel Tax on the Realization of Hotel Tax Revenue in Medan City

2024-11-02T04:53:14+00:00

The purpose of this study is to determine the potential amount of Hotel Tax actually owned by Medan City and how far the Medan City Government's attention in exploring the existing hotel tax potential and the City Government's attention in increasing hotel taxes for the common welfare. To calculate the potential and effectiveness of hotel tax, several related variables are used, namely the number of rooms, the average room rate, the number of days in a year and the amount of hotel tax rate determined. The results showed that the potential of Hotel Tax is very large, far above the realization value of Hotel Tax revenue. This comparative measurement is reflected in the effectiveness of the Hotel Tax, whose value always decreases from year to year during 2020 - 2022. The results also show that the potential of the existing hotel tax has not been optimally explored and there are several things that need to be corrected regarding the hotel tax in Medan City such as the management system and management of the existing hotels.

The Role of City Facilities in Encouraging Community Participation in Urban Planning in West Nias

2024-11-03T11:59:30+00:00

This study aims to analyze the role of city facilities in encouraging community participation in urban planning in West Nias. Community participation is an important element in the success of sustainable and inclusive urban development, while adequate city facilities have the potential to be a means of social interaction that can stimulate community involvement. With a descriptive-qualitative approach, this study evaluates the availability, condition, and accessibility of city facilities, including green open spaces (RTH), transportation infrastructure, and community activity centers. The results of the study indicate that although regional expansion aims to improve public services, the challenges faced by West Nias in maintaining and repairing public facilities hinder the optimization of community participation. The inadequate condition of facilities, limited accessibility especially for vulnerable groups, and the lack of transparency of information related to urban planning are the main obstacles that need to be overcome. This study suggests improvements in the management and accessibility of city facilities through collaboration between the government and the community to create an urban environment that supports active citizen involvement. These findings are expected to be the basis for formulating policies and strategies for developing more inclusive and sustainable urban infrastructure in West Nias.

Planning Strategy to Improve Accessibility in Remote Areas Through Transportation Infrastructure in Lahomi District

2024-11-03T12:05:55+00:00

Analysis of Legal Protection of Street Children Victims of Exploitation: A Case Study of the Medan City Social Service

2024-11-04T03:33:24+00:00

This study analyzes the implementation of legal protection for street children who are victims of exploitation in Medan City, with a case study of the Medan City Social Service. Data from the Medan City Social Service in 2023 shows that there are 324 street children identified as victims of exploitation, with forms of exploitation including economic exploitation (65%), sexual exploitation (15%), and other forms of exploitation (20%). This problem requires serious handling considering its impact on children's growth and development and future. This study uses an empirical juridical method with a legal sociology approach. Data collection was carried out through field observations, in-depth interviews with officials of the Medan City Social Service, social workers, street children, and related stakeholders, as well as documentation studies. Data analysis uses a qualitative descriptive method with a focus on aspects of the implementation of legal protection and the effectiveness of street child handling programs. The results of the study show that the implementation of legal protection for street children victims of exploitation in Medan City is not optimal, due to several factors, namely limited human resources and the budget of the Social Service, weak coordination between related institutions, lack of community participation, and the complexity of socio-economic problems of street children's families. The handling program carried out by the Social Service includes psychosocial assistance, the provision of educational assistance, family empowerment, and social rehabilitation, but the success rate has only reached 45% of the set target. This study recommends strengthening the implementation of legal protection through: increasing the budget and capacity of social service human resources, developing an integrated coordination system between institutions, strengthening family empowerment programs, and optimizing community participation in the protection of street children.

The Role of Marketing for Product Innovation on Buyer Decisions Uis Karo

2024-11-05T12:27:21+00:00

This study aims to examine the role of marketing in the purchasing decisions of Uis Karo fabric. Uis Karo fabric, which is a product of Indonesian culture, possesses high aesthetic and symbolic value, making effective marketing crucial for attracting consumer attention. The research method employed is a qualitative approach, with data collection conducted through interviews and observations of business actors and consumers. The results indicate that marketing strategies, which include increasing brand awareness, using appealing visual elements, and identifying the right target market, significantly contribute to purchasing decisions. Additionally, communication of the product's value and advantages, interaction with consumers through social media, and positive promotions and reviews from consumers also play an important role. This study concludes that effective marketing, along with product innovation, not only enhances product visibility but also builds a strong relationship between the brand and consumers, thereby increasing the chances of success in the Uis Karo fabric market.

Analysis of The Implementation of Entity Financial Accounting Standards Micro Small and Medium (SAK-EMKM) On Mandiri Elektronik MSMEs

2024-11-07T09:01:54+00:00

This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method in the form of a case study. This study took place at Mandiri Elektronik MSMEs, located in Kabun District, Rokan Hulu Regency. The type of data used is qualitative data, with primary and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques used include observation, interviews, and documentation. Qualitative data analysis techniques applied consist of Data Reduction, Data Presentation, and Conclusion Drawing. The results of the study indicate that Mandiri Elektronik MSMEs has not used the Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small, and Medium Entities (SAK-EMKM) in its financial reports because the business owner has not mastered accounting. As a result, the financial reports prepared are still very simple and manual, based on the understanding of the business owner. Mandiri Elektronik MSMEs face various obstacles in implementing the Financial Accounting Standards for Micro, Small, and Medium Entities (SAK-EMKM) in preparing their financial reports, including: the educational background of the owner who considers the preparation of financial reports in accordance with SAK-EMKM unimportant because the main focus is on increasing profits, the owner's lack of knowledge regarding SAK-EMKM, the absence of employees who understand financial reports in accordance with SAK-EMKM, and the lack of socialization from related agencies which results in understanding of the importance of SAK-EMKM among Mandiri Elektronik MSMEs actors still being limited.

The Influence of Regional Original Income Ratio and Regional Independence on Shopping Regional Regional Government And Cities in North Sumatra

2024-11-10T21:41:30+00:00

This research aims to analyze the influence of return on assets, return on equity and net interest margin on the share prices of Commercial Banks listed on the IDX. The sample used in this research was 21 companies. The observation period used in this research was 4 years so the number of observations in this research was 84 observation sample units. The data obtained was analyzed using statistical formulas, namely by using multiple linear regression analysis which was processed using the SPSS program. The research results show that the t-value is 0.692 < 1.974 (t-table) and sig 0.000 < 0.05, so H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected, it can be concluded that the PAD Ratio has no significant effect on Regional Expenditures. The t-count value is 10.906 > 1.974 (t-table) and sig 0.434 > 0.05, so H2 is accepted and H0 is rejected, it can be concluded that Regional Independence has a significant effect on Regional Expenditures. The calculated F value is 59.650 which is greater than 3.05 and the significant value of 0.000 is smaller than 0.05 so it can be concluded that hypothesis 3 is accepted and hypothesis 0 is rejected so it can be concluded that the PAD ratio and Regional Independence have a significant simultaneous effect on expenditure. Area.

Design of Tidal Height Monitoring Equipment Based on the Internet of Things For the Preservation of Mangroves at Kurnia My Darling Beach

2024-11-11T10:43:29+00:00

This study discusses the design of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based tidal height monitoring system applied to support the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems in the Kurnia My Darling Beach area. The tides of sea water are a critical factor that affects the growth and survival of mangrove plants. The monitoring system is designed using the Hc-Sr04 ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level in real-time, with data transmitted via the Nodemcu Esp8266 for remote monitoring. The methods used in the design include the needs analysis stage, system design, implementation, and testing. The test results show that the system can provide accurate data on sea level fluctuations with an error rate of less than 5%. The information produced can be used to optimize the management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems in the area. This system is expected to support mangrove conservation efforts by providing accurate and real-time data for better decision-making in mangrove area management

Strategies for Enhancing Sales of Food MSMEs in Deli Serdang Regency

2024-11-12T02:57:49+00:00

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the food sector are essential contributors to the economy of Deli Serdang Regency, providing jobs, supporting local food diversity, and meeting the demands of both residents and tourists. Despite their critical role, these food MSMEs face numerous challenges, including limited digital marketing capabilities, lack of customer engagement strategies, and difficulties in sustaining product quality due to resource constraints. This research investigates the key factors influencing the sales performance of food MSMEs in Deli Serdang and identifies practical strategies to enhance their market reach and customer loyalty. Using a mixed-method approach, which includes surveys and interviews with MSME owners, the study examines the impact of digital transformation, customer engagement, and product quality improvement on sales growth. Results indicate that digital marketing can expand market access, while enhanced customer engagement and quality consistency play pivotal roles in increasing customer satisfaction and repeat purchases. The findings suggest actionable steps for MSME owners to adopt new marketing strategies and highlight areas where local government support could enhance the digital and operational capacities of MSMEs. These insights are valuable for policymakers, business support organizations, and MSME owners aiming to achieve sustainable growth in the competitive food industry.

Spatial Planning Study Based on Local Potential in Villages Klambir V, Deli Serdang

2024-11-18T07:47:02+00:00

This study aims to examine the spatial layout of Klambir V Village in order to utilize local potential to encourage sustainable regional economic development. Klambir V Village has a wealth of local potential, including agricultural land, natural resources, and tourism potential that has not been utilized optimally. The problem of spatial planning that is not planned in an integrated manner causes a lack of synergy between economic sectors and limited village economic growth. This research was conducted with a qualitative-descriptive approach, through primary and secondary data analysis and interviews with local stakeholders. The results of the study show that the optimization of local potential can be achieved through effective spatial management, which includes the integration of economic sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and the creative economy. Adequate infrastructure development is also a key factor to support village connectivity and accessibility. Active community participation in spatial planning is needed to ensure planning that is in accordance with local needs. Therefore, this study recommends a more inclusive and local potential-based spatial strategy, with a focus on infrastructure development and community capacity building. Thus, it is hoped that economic development in Klambir V Village can run sustainably and have a positive impact on the welfare of the community.

Education on The Effectiveness of Village Fund Management In The Planning and Implementation Process In Pematang Serai Village, Langkat Regency

2024-11-18T08:09:09+00:00

The Effective Management Of Village Funds Plays A Critical Role In Driving Sustainable Rural Development In Indonesia. This study examines the effectiveness of village fund management training provided to village officials in Pematang Serai and Langkat Regency, focusing on its impact on planning and implementation processes. The Training Aims To Enhance Financial Accountability, Planning Accuracy, And Execution Efficiency In Village Development Projects. Using A Mixed-Method Approach, This Research Gathers Data Through Surveys, Interviews, And Document Analysis Involving 25 Village Officials Who Participated In The Training. From the results of the community service, it was found that there were several limiting factors that village officials had, namely a lack of knowledge and training in understanding village fund management. Specifically, Limited Digital Literacy And Resource Constraints Hinder Optimal Outcomes. Aligning with Rahmad Sembiring's (2022) Analysis Of Local Governance Challenges, This Study Highlights The Need For Continuous Support Mechanisms Post-Training, such as mentorship and digital tools for financial management. The Research Concludes By Providing Actionable Recommendations To Enhance Training Programs And Their Implementation, Thus Promoting Accountability And Transparency In Village Fund Management.

Conformity Of The Content Of The Spatial Pattern Plan Of The Rtrw Of Tanjungbalai City With The Rtrw Of North Sumatra Province

2024-11-22T09:14:18+00:00

The suitability of spatial pattern plans between Provincial RTRWs and City/Regency RTRWs is very important to ensure coordinated, sustainable, and efficient spatial management. This alignment supports harmonious development policies, prevents land use conflicts, and optimizes the use of natural resources and infrastructure. In addition, this conformity helps control development to fit the long-term vision, improve disaster risk mitigation, and create certainty for investment, resulting in safer and more targeted spatial planning at various levels of government. Fundamental problems and conflicts in space utilization arise due to significant challenges caused by overlapping policies, regulations, and geospatial information. The location of the study is in Tanjungbalai City which analyzes the comparison of the City Spatial Pattern Plan with the Provincial Spatial Pattern Plan. The provincial spatial pattern plan used is the 2023 Revision of the North Sumatra Provincial RTRW, while the urban spatial pattern plan uses the 2023 Tanjungbalai City RTRW Revision. This study aims to provide an overview of the evaluation of the non-conformity of the Tanjungbalai City Revised spatial pattern plan to the Revision of the RTRW of North Sumatra Province and provide steps to resolve the non-conformities that occur that are useful as material for discussion and evaluation of the Revised RTRW of Tanjungbalai City at the Provincial level.

Chatbot Optimization in Education: Improving Learning Experience and Competency Development

2024-11-25T05:58:40+00:00

This study explores the application of chatbots as an innovative tool in education to enhance the learning experience and development of student competencies. With the advancement of information and communication technology, chatbots have emerged as a potential solution to improve the traditional learning process. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of using chatbots in providing easy and interactive access to learning materials, as well as their impact on student motivation and learning outcomes.

The methodology used includes the development and implementation of a chatbot based on natural language processing (NLP) technology in an educational environment. The research stages include needs analysis, system design, chatbot development, and effectiveness evaluation. Data were collected through student surveys and analysis of chatbot performance in handling questions and providing responses that are in accordance with the subject matter.

The results of the study indicate that the use of chatbots increases student engagement with learning materials, accelerates access to information, and supports independent learning. In addition, chatbots have proven effective in providing instant feedback, which contributes to increased student motivation and understanding. This study also highlights the challenges in integrating chatbots into learning systems and provides recommendations for further optimization. chatbots can serve as effective learning tools by increasing interactivity and flexibility in the educational process. The application of chatbots in education not only facilitates access to materials but also supports the development of student competencies more efficiently. This study recommends the adoption and further development of chatbot technology to improve the quality of education at various levels)